If students do not fully understand how to use the equipment, or if they rely on it so much that they become complacent, it can become a detriment to safe flight. Time of day is a factor in traffic congestion, possible winds, sun angles, and reflection, If possible, the flight instructor needs access to a portable radio during any supervised solo operations. Studies have identified five hazardous attitudes that can affect a pilots ability to make sound decisions and exercise authority properly. These procedures are especially important prior to entering a high-density traffic area, such as Class B airspace, To manage workload, items should be prioritized. This briefing includes the instrument indications to be expected, as well as the outside references to be used to control the attitude of the aircraft, Each new flight maneuver is introduced using both outside and instrument references with students developing the ability to maneuver an aircraft equally as well by instrument or outside references. The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. In 1981 Aviation strategies often guide patient safety improvement discussions. In an emergency, this ability could save the pilots life and those of the passengers, During the conduct of integrated flight training, the flight instructor must emphasize to the students that the introduction to the use of flight instruments does not prepare them for operations in marginal weather or instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). It is just as important that a student be advanced to the subsequent step as soon as one goal has been attained, as it is to complete each step before the next one is undertaken. (c) For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. She now considers the expected outcome of each possible action and assesses the risks involved. Worry or distraction may be due to student concerns about progress in the training course, or may stem from circumstances completely unrelated to their instruction. By discussing the events that led to this incident, instructors can help students understand how a series of judgmental errors contributed to the final outcome of this flight: Weather decisionon the morning of the flight, the pilot was running late and, having acquired a computer printout of the forecast the night before, he did not obtain a briefing from flight service before his departure, Flight planning decision/performance chartthe pilot calculated total fuel requirements for the trip based on a rule-of-thumb figure he had used previously for another airplane. The student should be able to describe the procedures for traffic pattern entry and landing preparation. Aim: To implement the sterile cockpit principle to decrease interruptions and distractions during high volume medication administration and reduce the number of medication errors. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. Some operators use surface to 18,000 feet as the "sterile zone", while others apply the sterile cockpit principle from Top of Descent/Pre-Descent checklist, in the descent, and up to Top of Climb/En-Route checklist, on departure. Truly, the sterile Also associated with pilot skill evaluations during flight training are the stage checks conducted in FAA-approved school courses and the practical tests for pilot certificates and ratings, In assessing piloting ability, it is important for the flight instructor to keep the student informed of progress. The chapter begins with practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, the demonstration-performance training delivery method of flight instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate Due to the importance of this subject, the following discussion provides guidance on the recommended procedure to use for the positive exchange of flight controls between pilots when operating an aircraft, Incident/accident statistics indicate a need to place additional emphasis on the exchange of control of an aircraft by pilots. Since useful tools and sources of information may not always be readily apparent, learning to recognize these resources is an essential part of ADM training. were made below 10,000 feet. To explain the decision-making process, the instructor can introduce the following steps with the accompanying scenario that places the students in the position of making a decision about a typical flight situation, The first step in the decision-making process is to define the problem. For the most part, it clearly defines when it is time to set aside non-essential activities and students should be able to identify their own skills and knowledge, aeronautical charts, ATC, flight service, and navigation equipment as some of the resources that can be used in this situation, Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks to avoid work overload. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. The minimum standards to pass the checkride should not be introduced until the 3 hours of preparation for the checkride. Anxious students can be incredibly strong and usually exhibit reactions inappropriate to the situation. Flying for long periods in hot summer temperatures or at high altitudes increases susceptibility to dehydration since dry air at high altitudes tends to increase the rate of water loss from the body. This can be accomplished by frequently reviewing flight information publications, such as 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), as well as by pursuing additional training, A thorough understanding of all the equipment and systems in the aircraft is necessary to fully utilize all resources. The instructor should be aware of the students thought processes. more than one culprit. Certain obstacles are common to flight instruction and may apply directly to the students attitude, physical condition, and psychological make-up. The purpose of the self-assessment is to stimulate growth in the learners thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. When the instructor suspects this, students should be required to vary the performance of the maneuver slightly, combine it with other operations, or apply the same elements to the performance of other maneuvers. AC 60-22, Aeronautical Decision-Making, provides background references, definitions, and other pertinent information about ADM training in the GA environment. Emergencies require the pilot to thinkassess the situation, choose and execute the actions that assure safety, not act in a rote manner, It is important for flight instructors to teach students that declaring an emergency when one occurs is an appropriate reaction. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. As the reporter soon In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. Keep the sterile cockpit "clean." Recognising and minimising distraction should improve patient safety. From the start of flight training, the instructor must ensure students develop the habit of looking for other air traffic at all times. was extraneous conversation between cockpit crew members. Use coordinated aileron and rudder control pressures. When introducing lesson tasks, flight instructors should not introduce the minimum acceptable standards for passing the checkride. June 16, 2022 | In whole foods reheating instructions 2020 tend strictly to the task at hand -- that of safely operating the aircraft. Objective: There is general enthusiasm for applying strategies from aviation directly to medical care; the application of the "sterile cockpit" rule to surgery has accordingly been suggested. This is the only step in which the student plays a passive role. conversation" does not always have to imply just those persons on board Most pilots grew up on great movies like "Top Gun" and "Battle of Britain," and along with them, a cornucopia of nonstandard but truly entertaining communications like "tally-ho on that traffic," "climbing to angels 21" and" bandits at 12 o'clock high" began appearing in the vernacular of Cessna 172 and Piper Cherokee . At the time of the crash, the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way Discouragement and emotional upsets are rare when students feel that nothing is being withheld from them or is being neglected in their training, Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue will materially slow the rate of learning during both classroom instruction and flight training. After an intensive look at ADM with suggestions for how to interweave ADM, risk management, and SRM into the teaching process, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations. cockpit rider not be allowed to create distractions. It has everything to do with a pure mental environment. violations: The way in which the sterile cockpit Situational awareness is the accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety before, during, and after the flight. they lost their landing sequence, and the pilot's pride was hurt. an airport. ( Click here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100 .) The explanation phase is accomplished prior to the flight lesson with a discussion of lesson objectives and completion standards, as well as a thorough preflight briefing. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, As discussed in chapter 4, these two phases involve separate actions that are performed concurrently. To hold the students interest and to maintain the motivation necessary for efficient learning, well-planned, appropriate, and accurate instruction must be provided. The FAA holds him or her accountable. 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. Stress is an inevitable and necessary part of life; it adds motivation and heightens an individuals response to meet any challenge, Everyone is stressed to some degree all the time. The early establishment of proper habits of instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control is highly useful to the student. Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations Doing several things at once, though, may mean that something important falls through the cracks. [Figure 8-11], During a lesson, workload can be gradually increased as the instructor monitors the students management of tasks. feet MSL (mean sea level). This practice should continue throughout the flight instruction for all maneuvers. Although you are familiar with the area, you do not recognize any landmarks, and fuel is running low. In addition to policy development, a board of education may become involved in student discipline when it is necessary to expel a student from school. Disinterest grows rapidly when unnecessary repetition and drill are requested on operations that have already been adequately learned, Worry or lack of interest has a detrimental effect on learning. When an instructor is teaching a maneuver to a student, the instructor normally demonstrates the maneuver first, then has the student follow along on the controls during a demonstration and, finally, the student performs the maneuver with the instructor following along on the controls. The first effect of high workload is that the pilot begins to work faster. Some airlines have installed a cockpit-controlled "sterile cockpit communications between the cabin and cockpit crews, and reading publications To learn skills, students must practice. Resources must not only be identified, but students must also develop the skills to evaluate whether they have the time to use a particular resource and the impact that its use would have upon the safety of flight.