high interaction between students and the teacher. The Simon 1 used relay logic and cost about $600 to build. This type of computer is useful in performing many of the mathematical equations scientists and engineers encounter in their work. The Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) is among the first stored program computers completed in the United States. In October 1961, the Navy tested the NTDS on the USS Oriskany carrier and the USS King and USS Mahan frigates. You are designing a controller for a toaster oven. Weighing 24 pounds and costing $1,795, the Osborne 1 is the first mass-produced portable computer. Its founders were Ken and Stan Olsen, and Harlan Anderson. It used $120 worth of electronics components, as outlined in the September 1973 issue of hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics. Because of its electronic, as opposed to electromechanical, technology, it is over 1,000 times faster than any previous computer. The 1401 mainframe, the first in the series, replaces earlier vacuum tube technology with smaller, more reliable transistors. The first offering to the public required the buyer to purchase one to be given to a child in the developing world as a condition of acquiring a machine for themselves. The new chip made graphical operating environments for IBM PC and PC-compatible computers practical. It was also one of the first computers to use all-diode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes. The Nova was first to employ medium-scale integration (MSI) circuits from Fairchild Semiconductor, with subsequent models using large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits. data. Designed to replace the 32-bit VAX architecture, the Alpha is a 64-bit reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor. Hundreds of allied bombes were built in order to determine the daily rotor start positions of Enigma cipher machines, which in turn allowed the Allies to decrypt German messages. Simon featured on the November 1950 Scientific American cover, The hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics publishes Edmund Berkeley's design for the Simon 1 relay computer from 1950 to 1951. Lisa itself, and especially its GUI, were inspired by earlier work at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center. The First Microcomputer: Altair 8800. effects of word processing on students' handwriting. Apple had initially included a handle in their Macintosh computers to encourage users to take their Macs on the go, though not until five years after the initial introduction does Apple introduce a true portable computer. In a widely circulated paper, mathematician John von Neumann outlines the architecture of a stored-program computer, including electronic storage of programming information and data -- which eliminates the need for more clumsy methods of programming such as plugboards, punched cards and paper. In 1977, MITS was sold to Pertec, which continued producing Altairs in 1978. Based on Charles Babbage's second design for a mechanical calculating engine, a team at the Science Museum in London sets out to prove that the design would have worked as planned. HP Netserver LM, one of the first to use Intel's Pentium. Tracks on the drum did the mathematical integration. Called a complex instruction set computer, VAX systems were backward compatible and so preserved the investment owners of previous DEC computers had in software. While the PC Jr. sold poorly, the PC/AT sold in the millions. MOS 6502 ad from IEEE Computer, Sept. 1975. System control was provided through the Atlas Supervisor, which some consider to be the first true operating system. After the war, he concentrated on the development of Princetons Institute for Advanced Studies computer. The 400 served primarily as a game console, while the 800 was more of a home computer. The machines system of connections and switches let processors broadcast information and requests for help to other processors in a simulation of brain-like associative recall. workstations. Over 30 were completed, including one delivered to Australia. Operators directed actions by touching a light gun to the SAGE airspace display. Created by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly -- designers of the earlier ENIAC computer -- the Univac 1 used 5,200 vacuum tubes and weighed 29,000 pounds. The notion of storing both data and instructions in memory became known as the stored program concept to distinguish it from earlier methods of instructing a computer. The legal result was a landmark: Atanasoff was declared the originator of several basic computer ideas, but the computer as a concept was declared un-patentable and thus freely open to all. By the mid-1960s, nearly half of all computers in the world were IBM 1401s. What is the general term for software whose source code is made available for free and permits users to use, change, and improve it? The TX-0 (Transistor eXperimental - 0) is the first general-purpose programmable computer built with transistors. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the 19th century, when the industrial revolution gave rise to mechanical machines whose primary purpose was . The architecture that allowed Windows and IBM OS/2 has remained in subsequent chips. The device's success led to the creation of MIT Lincoln Laboratory in 1951. Find and create gamified quizzes, lessons, presentations, and flashcards for students, employees, and everyone else. Gene Amdahl, father of the IBM System/360, starts his own company, Amdahl Corporation, to compete with IBM in mainframe computer systems. Onyx Systems began selling early microcomputer-based Unix workstations in 1980. Paragon systems were used in many scientific areas, including atmospheric and oceanic flow studies, and energy research. The original design included two memory boards and could generate and store 512 characters as 16 lines of 32 characters. The Manchester Mark I used more than 1,300 vacuum tubes and occupied an area the size of a medium room. The IBM PC revolutionized business computing by becoming the first PC to gain widespread adoption by industry. Designed by John V. Blankenbaker using standard medium-- and small-scale integrated circuits, the Kenbak-1 relied on switches for input and lights for output from its 256-byte memory. Northrop was initially reluctant to make MADDIDA a commercial product, but by the end of 1952, six had sold. The Micral N was the first in the series and was produced by the company R2E. Linux, NetWare, UNIX, Windows. It used 53 vacuum tubes and hundreds of germanium diodes, with a magnetic drum for memory. D. Many companies have attempted to release electronic reading systems dating back to the early 1990s. The success of the VAX family of computers transformed DEC into the second-largest computer company in the world, as VAX systems became the de facto standard computing system for industry, the sciences, engineering, and research. refers to symbols that represent fast objects and ideas. These microcomputers were often sold as "DIY" kits or pre-built machines in relatively small numbers in the mid-1970s.These systems were primarily used for teaching the use of microprocessors and supporting peripheral devices, and unlike home computers were rarely used with pre-written application software. Dubbed a Personal Data Assistant by Apple President John Scully in 1992, the Newton featured many of the features that would define handheld computers in the following decades. Intel's first microprocessor, a 1/16-by-1/8-inch chip called the 4004, had the same computing power as the massive ENIAC. To protect it from earthquakes, the building housing it was built using a seismic isolation system that used rubber supports. Replacing their Archimedes computer, the RISC PC from UK's Acorn Computers uses the ARMv3 RISC microprocessor. Its price was $2,500. Lenovo, China's largest manufacturer of PCs, purchased IBM's personal computer business in 2005, largely to gain access to IBM's ThinkPad line of computers and sales force. Nearly a quarter century after IBM launched their PC in 1981, they had become merely another player in a crowded marketplace. At a cost to computer makers of roughly $700, the ASR-33 Teletype is originally designed as a low cost terminal for the Western Union communications network. In October 2013, the one millionth Raspberry Pi was shipped. The SSEC was one of the last of the generation of 'super calculators' to be built using electromechanical technology. service packs. Apple enters the handheld computer market with the Newton. The first IBM system to include Intels 80386 chip, the company ships more than 1 million units by the end of the first year. Modeled after the Cambridge University EDSAC computer, the president of Lyons Tea Co. has the LEO built to solve the problem of production scheduling and delivery of cakes to the hundreds of Lyons tea shops around England. T/F True You can save money on your data plan by using this type of connection whenever possible for connecting to the Internet. The Johnniac computer is one of 17 computers that followed the basic design of Princeton's Institute of Advanced Study (IAS) computer. Computer-enhanced image of IBMs Roadrunner. Microcomputers are an interesting part of the history of both computing and video games. MADDIDA (Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer) prototype. University of Manchester researchers Frederic Williams, Tom Kilburn, and Geoff Toothill develop the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), better known as the Manchester "Baby." It featured a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, a modem, and two 5.25-inch floppy disk drives. Five times faster than its predecessor, the 8008, the Intel 8080 could address four times as many bytes for a total of 64 kilobytes. A large parallel processing computer, the ILLIAC IV does not operate until 1972. The handbook is complemented by two companion documents: Microcomputers in Transit: A Software Handbook, and Microcomputers in What kind of software tool are Notebook and ActivInspire examples of? The replica is currently on display at the Computer History Museum. This printing programmable calculator was made from discrete transistors and an acoustic delay-line memory. Later revisions used the Z80 processor, which is the model pictured above that [The Byte . The first of David Hilbert's 23 unsolved problems presented at the Paris conference of the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1900 involved the Continuum Hypothesis. Designed by Sunnyvale, California native Steve Wozniak, and marketed by his friend Steve Jobs, the Apple-1 is a single-board computer for hobbyists. Running on dual IBM 7090 mainframe computer systems, SABRE was inspired by IBMs earlier work on the SAGE air-defense system. True/False True The most controversial changes to Windows in Windows 8 were the GUI. It was named after John von Neumann, a world famous mathematician and computer pioneer of the day. When Xerox PARC loaned the Stanford Engineering Department an entire Alto Ethernet network with laser printer, graduate student Andy Bechtolsheim re-designed it into a prototype that he then attached to Stanfords computer network. It is recognized by the 2006 Guinness Book of World Records as the greatest selling single computer of all time. Xerox PARC physicist Gary Starkweather realizes in 1967 that exposing a copy machines light-sensitive drum to a paper original isnt the only way to create an image. Term. It offered increased performance and storage capacity over the original IBM PC and sold for about $4,000. The machines were used by the Chinese Academy of Sciences to run massive solar energy simulations, as well as some of the most complex molecular studies ever undertaken.