Captain Van Zanten interrupted and stated:Were going. After the aircraft landed at Tenerife, the passengers were transported to the airport terminal. Posted in Leadership Development. [46] By March 30, a small plane shuttle service was approved, but large jets still could not land. Moroccan baggage handlers were confused by bilingual English/Turkish instructions. (LogOut/ He tried to take off quickly on seeing the plane parked, but was unable to get sufficiently high off the ground, with all 248 people on the KLM jet killed. 1977 runway collision in Spain and deadliest crash in aviation history, "Tenerife crash" redirects here. There is also a memorial at the Westminster Memorial Park and Mortuary in Westminster, California, US. In 1977, a cross in Rancho Bernardo was dedicated to nineteen area residents who died in the disaster. I have no idea to this day what it was like inside the plane, obviously the damage was so great that not everyone could get to that opening in the wing. A woman who survived the worst aviation disaster of all time has recalled how she saw a fellow passenger sliced in half by her seatbelt. I wasnt in a position where I could see out of the plane and I thought a bomb may have exploded. Unable to move, she grabbed his arms and ran away from the plane when the engine finally exploded. The KLM crew then received instructions that specified the route that the aircraft was to follow after takeoff. Spantax Flight 275, registration number EC-BZR, was a Convair 990 Coronado charter flight operated by Spantax from Tenerife to Munich with 148 passengers and 7 crew. The right-side engines crashed through the Pan Am's upper deck immediately behind the cockpit. 1,806 Tenerife Disaster Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Images Images Creative Editorial Video Creative Editorial FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 1,806 Tenerife Disaster Premium High Res Photos Browse 1,806 tenerife disaster stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Other major factors contributing to the accident were: The following factors were considered contributing but not critical: The Dutch authorities were reluctant to accept the Spanish report blaming the KLM captain for the accident. The wreckage of Pan Am flight 1736 burns at Los Rodeos Airport as survivors scramble to safety. The worst aviation diaster in history will no longer escape anybodys notice. Video, 00:04:17. Eh?" The accident had a lasting influence on communication between aircraft and ATC. Fasten Your Seat Belts! The co-pilot who survived the Tenerife aircraft disaster, The worst crash in aviation history. This course of action was later expanded into what is known today as crew resource management (CRM), which states that all pilots, no matter how experienced they are, are allowed to contradict each other. Things were flying around the airplane and everything moved in slow motion. 2023 BBC. She now relied solely on her instincts. [25], Los Rodeos airport is at 633 meters (2,077ft) above sea level, which gives rise to weather conditions that differ from those at many other airports. The memorial service was held at the Auditorio de Tenerife in the capital Santa Cruz; the unveiling took place on Mt Mesa Mota in the municipality of San Cristbal de La Laguna. Charkhi Dadri Mid-Air Collision (1996) 4. 583 lives were lost when a KLM 747 collided with a Pan Am 747 at Tenerife's Los Rodeos Airport (TFN). After the March 1977 smash, which killed 583, her then-boyfriend Jack Ridout tried to help a stewardess trying to deploy an escape raft only for an explosion to decapitate the Pan Am worker. Watch the Video of the deadliest air crash in aviation history DEADLIEST Plane Crash In History Documentary Watch on Survivors Amidst the horrific incident, one person survived from KLM Flight 4805. The KLM plane reached the end of the runway and turned aurond, and the Pan-Am was still . Passengers were looking forward to vacation and unaware of local terrorists determined to get freedom from Spain. Monuments are often places of yearning; they are projections of impotence, of the brokenness of the human spirit and of the universal drama. I went back and started pulling people away from the airplane. indicated that captain Grubbs and first officer Bragg had recognized the ambiguity (this message was not audible to the control tower or KLM crew due to simultaneous cross-communication); The Pan Am had taxied beyond the third exit. Episode 133 (S16E03) of the Canadian TV series, Footage of the wreckages was included in the 1979 film, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 12:04. Photo / Supplied . One of those survivors was Purser Dorothy Kelly. This was a problem in the crash when the Flight Engineer asked if they were not clear, but Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten (the captain of the KLM, with over 11,000 hours flown) said that they were obviously clear and the Flight Engineer decided that it was best not to contradict the captain. Video, 00:01:23, Watch: Matt Hancock message row in 83 seconds, Isabel Oakeshott: Why I leaked Hancock's messages. Less experienced flight crew members were encouraged to challenge their captains when they believed something to be incorrect, and captains were instructed to listen to their crew and evaluate all decisions in light of crew concerns. The worst crash in aviation history. Tenerife airport disaster survivors. Captain Veldhuyzen van Zanten, a KLM training captain and instructor for over 10-years working on simulators regularly, had not flown on regular routes during twelve weeks prior to the accident. Air India Flight 855 (1978) 7. Due to aircraft blocking the parallel taxiway, planes now had to backtrack down the single runway before turning round to take off. Dutch investigators emphasised this fact, but ultimately KLM admitted their crew was responsible and the airline financially compensated the victims relatives. Assisting in the flight deck was First Officer Klass Meurs and Flight Engineer Willem Schreuder; while in the cabin, 11 crew were on hand for the 235 passengers. Just 61 people survived, all from the Pan Am jumbo jet. Website about the largest aircrash in our history. The ritual significance of the location is of prime importance. At this point, her training kicked in, and she started to yell:WEVE GOT TO GET OUT OF HERE. The international commemoration consisted of two parts: a memorial service and the unveiling of an international monument. But as the Jumbo Jets neared their destination, reports came in that a bomb had exploded at Las Palmas Airport (LPA). Something terrible happened at Los Rodeos on 27 March 1977, which may have lain hidden for 30 years. Previously, the Pan Am had been called "Clipper One Seven Three Six", using its proper call-sign. Video, 00:01:37, Thanks, but no big speech, in Ken Bruce's sign off, Tear gas fired at Greece train crash protesters. The monument gives us, the next of kin and survivors, and also all others who were involved, an opportunity to commemorate the disaster and find inner peace. She and Ridout freed themselves from their seats, before jumping two stories from a door of the wrecked jet. On 27 March 1977, when the Tenerife airport disaster occured, Robert Bragg was the co-pilot ( first officer) on board the Pan Am Flight 1736 747.. Bragg was the last surviving flight crew member, as all 3 members from KLM died in the accident, Flight Engineer George Warns died in 1991, and Captain Victor Grubbs died in 1995. Following is a list of passengers on the Pan American Boeing 747 airliner who were killed in the Canary Islands crash, as provided Monday to The Associated Press by Pan American officials: DEAD. Video, 00:01:38, WATCH: Huge fire burns after Indonesia depot explosion, Australia's 'biggest drug bust' nets $700m of cocaine. The Tenerife airport disaster occurred on March 27, 1977, when two Boeing 747 passenger jets collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport) on the Spanish island of Tenerife. By the time the KLM pilots saw the Pan Am aircraft, they were already moving too fast to stop. In 1978, a second airport was opened on the island of Tenerife, the new Tenerife South Airport (TFS), which now serves the majority of international tourist flights. The collision occurred when KLM Flight 4805 initiated its takeoff run while Pan Am Flight 1736 was still on the runway. 02 Marion Andersen. The plane immediately went into a stall, rolled sharply, and hit the ground approximately 150m (500ft) past the collision, sliding down the runway for a further 300m (1,000ft). Five hundred and eighty-three people lost their lives; only 61 survived the air disaster. [9] Its cockpit crew consisted of Captain Jacob Veldhuyzen van Zanten (age 50),[10] First Officer Klaas Meurs (42), and Flight Engineer Willem Schreuder (48). The sudden influx of airliners at the small airport had caused chaos. The tower instructed the KLM plane to taxi down the entire length of the runway and then make a 180 turn to get into takeoff position. This is his story of survival, recovery and return to flight. The 18-metre-high sculpture is not what it seems, which is emphasized by the 12-metre-high fence that has been placed around it. Aware of increasing explosions in the wreckage, Kelly continued to yell for survivors to jump, painfully aware there was little time before the remains of the jumbo jet exploded. AIR CRASH INVESTIGATIONS: TENERIFE AIRPORT DISASTER, THE WORLD'S DEADLIEST PLANE CRASH EVER . The Tenerife air disaster killed every passenger on board KLM 4805 and all but 61 passengers on the Pan Am flight. It was the worst crash in aviation history. Garbled communications between the KLM pilot and control tower prompted the Dutch aircraft to take off without being cleared to do so. None of the passengers of KLM survived the crash. Because of warnings of a possible second bomb, the airport was closed. The crash was caused by many reasons. All but five passengers onboard the aircraft were Americans, the non-American passengers were all Canadian nationals. He has been a freelance writer for more . Grubbs yelled:Goddamn, that son-of-a-bitch is coming straight at us. Just 61 people survived, all from the Pan Am jumbo jet. LESSONS LEARNED AND CHANGES MADE As a consequence of the crash, sweeping changes were made to international airline regulations and aircraft. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. With her injuries treated, Dorothy and her colleagues continued to assist her passengers: So we started our hospital life. Video, 00:04:00The 'Queen of Chess' who defeated Kasparov, Shuttle disaster: 'Something didn't look right' Video, 00:04:15Shuttle disaster: 'Something didn't look right', The fish that nearly caused a war. 56 passengers and 5 crew from this flight survived. Read about our approach to external linking. [29], According to the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), the Pan Am captain said, "There he is!" I think Ive learned to be more patient in many ways. Cockpit procedures were also reviewed, contributing to the establishment of crew resource management as a fundamental part of airline pilots' training. Had the plane turned at the third exit as instructed, the collision would not have occurred. On hearing this, the KLM flight engineer expressed his concern about the Pan Am not being clear of the runway by asking the pilots in his own cockpit, "Is he not clear that Pan American?" The two. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. They were still our passengers. A commemorative booklet has been published as a keepsake of the international commemoration and the unveiling of the International Tenerife Memorial on 27th March 2007. Video, 00:00:46, Hong Kong skyscraper fire seen on city's skyline, Watch: Matt Hancock message row in 83 seconds. Dont go back!. These include. February 19, 2023. Because the flight crew was performing the checklist, copying the clearance was postponed until the aircraft was in takeoff position. It was a decision that would ultimately save Kellys life. KLM Flight 4805 (a B747-206B, registration PH-BUF, from Amsterdam) and PanAm Flight 1736 (a B747-121, registration N736PA, coming from Los Angeles and New York). But she ignored them. They eventually joined survivors on the ground and provided comfort and assistance to the injured awaiting transportation. [12] His photograph was used for publicity materials such as magazine advertisements, including the inflight magazine on board PH-BUF. On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747 passenger jets, operating KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736, collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport ) on the Spanish island of Tenerife. The co-pilot who survived the Tenerife aircraft disaster In March 1977, two jumbo jets collided at Tenerife Airport killing 583 people. tenerife airport disaster survivors. The KLM 747 was travelling at around 160 mph when they spotted the Pan Am desperately trying to clear the runway. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. The sculpture will not be immediately recognized as such, and yet neither is it in practical terms a staircase. A study carried out by the Air Line Pilots Association (ALPA) after the accident concluded that making the second 148 turn at the end of taxiway C-3 would have been "a practical impossibility". The transparent fence encloses and protects the sculpture. This caused the KLM crew to miss the crucial latter portion of the tower's response. and Captain Jacob Veldhuyzan van Zanten did not see the Pan Am jet until it was too late because of the bad weather. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. He spoke to Witness about that terrible disaster. A large fire immediately ignited. To read more incredible stories of heroism from our aviation family click here. For a split second, they thought they had missed their turnoff and reached the end of the runway. Both airplanes were destroyed in the collision. FLIGHT HISTORY On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747 passenger jets, KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736, collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now . Robert Bragg, 2004 First Officer Bragg screamed:Get off! At least 71 people on boardincluding the three cockpit crewmen, two observers in the cockpit and four flight attendantssurvived and were able to get away from the burning fuselage. It remains the worlds deadliest air disaster. Survivors that later died. The official investigation suggested that this might have been due to not only to the captain's seniority in rank but also his being one of the most respected pilots working for the airline. I had nightmares for many years. 10 Worst Accidents in Air-Travel History travel 31st May 2016 Table of Contents 1. The story of the world's worst air . That smash happened after a bomb exploded at Las Palmas Airport in Gran Canaria her intended destination and saw the plane she was traveling on diverted to Tenerife. Meurs had 9,200 flight hours, of which 95 hours were on the 747. Joani Feathers also saw another woman in curlers set. She was severely injured and covered in blood. Approaching Las Palmas (02:43) Pan Am flight 1736 is nearing the Canary Islands on March 27, 1977. The air traffic controller did not simply respond, Ok to the First Officers We are now at take-off. [15] There had been a phone call warning of the bomb, and another call received soon afterwards made claims of a second bomb at the airport. My worst memory was watching the people banging on the windows and listening to them screaming and banging and we couldnt get up to that part of the airplane to get them out. Dorothy was taken off roster and sent to help the grieving relatives and other flight attendants. confessionsofatrolleydolly.com by Dan Air. Flames, one survivor said, did most of the damage. Both islands are part of the Canary Islands, an autonomous community of Spain located in the Atlantic Ocean off the southwest coast of Morocco. The first crash investigators to arrive at Tenerife the day after the crash travelled there by way of a 3-hour boat ride from Las Palmas. On the runway sat two fully loaded jumbo airliners. Video, 00:00:51, Australia's 'biggest drug bust' nets $700m of cocaine, Thanks, but no big speech, in Ken Bruce's sign off. [22] There were no markings or signs to identify the runway exits and they were in conditions of poor visibility. The Tenerife disaster remains a watershed moment for the aviation industry, one that transformed safety, not only in the air but on the ground. With Mark Halliley, Randall Holden, Paul Bandey, Mike Dineen. The terrible things she saw on March 28, 1977 scarredDorothy Kelly for life: Ive learned that our emergency training is very good and very necessary. when he spotted the KLM's landing lights through the fog just as his plane approached exit C-4. A memorial to the victims at Tenerife North Airport, which was called Los Rodeos Airport at the time of the crash. On March 27th, 2007, 30 years after the disaster, a first time ever official international memorial service for the largest aviation disaster in history was held on the initiative of the Foundation for the Surviving Relatives of the Tenerife Disaster. The spiral theme is a symbol of infinity. A large number of flights were diverted to Tenerife, a.o. But they soon realised that the 350-tonne aircraft was hurtling towards them. A few hours later, Las Palmas re-opened and Captain Van Zanten and Captain Grubbs were keen to get their aircraft and passengers to the neighbouring island. But her rescue efforts didnt end there. Its small taxiway quickly filled up, forcing aircraft to cross the single runway to prepare for takeoff. Get off!as they immediately applied full power and turned sharply to the left in a vain attempt to avoid a collision. Tom Betti: This is a special Tenerife memorial edition of this program. Eight hours after the crash, police, soldiers and firemen had recovered 522 bodies, and an airport official said that. Video, 00:01:37Thanks, but no big speech, in Ken Bruce's sign off, Tear gas fired at Greece train crash protesters. Gay Ugandans 'go back into hiding' after MPs introduce horrific anti-LGBTQ+ law, Chelsea fan given three-year stadium ban for racially abusing Son Heung-min, Russia's 'pincers are getting tighter' around Bakhmut, says Wagner chief. Some 583 people died or were mortally injured on March 27th 1977 after two Boeing 747 jumbo jets collided on a runway at Los Rodeos airport, Tenerife, in the Canary Islands, making this the world's worst civil aviation disaster. . Most of the survivors on the Pan Am walked out onto the intact left wing, the side away from the collision, through holes in the fuselage structure. The taxiways were congested by other aircraft however. [44][45], Spanish Army soldiers were tasked with clearing crash wreckage from the runways and taxiways. Both aircraft were completed destroyed. Eventually, most of the survivors on the wing dropped to the ground below. A woman who survived the worst aviation disaster of all time has recalled how she saw a fellow passenger sliced in half by her seatbelt. The airport was forced to accommodate a great number of large aircraft due to rerouting from the terrorist incident resulting in disruption of the normal use of taxiways. [26], The Pan Am crew found themselves in poor and rapidly deteriorating visibility almost as soon as they entered the runway. There were 61 survivors who included four flight attendants, three cockpit crew members, and two cockpit observers who weren't injured at all. WATCH: Huge fire burns after Indonesia depot explosion. The Tenerife Airport Disaster is the deadliest aviation crash in history Credit: AP E xperts . Go ahead, ask." Once they confirmed the wound was superficial, she continued her rescue efforts. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Tenerife memorial for the 583 passengers and crew who lost their lives. The other 61 passengers and crew aboard the Pan Am aircraft survived. [Many of the quotes for this article were taken from the incredible bookFasten Your Seat Belts! The creeping TikTok bans. Takeoff was delayed by an extra 35 minutes, allowing time for the fog to settle in; The increased severity of the fire caused by the additional fuel led ultimately to the deaths of all those on board. Everything just changed in a moment.. The ex-cop credits her law enforcement training for making her one of just 61 people who survived the disaster, as she knew not to wait to help, and to keep a constant check on her surroundings. The collision occurred when KLM Flight 4805 initiated its takeoff run while Pan Am Flight 1736 was still on the runway. There is no banister, and the steps are not intended to be used. Robina van Lanschot,[18] a tour guide, had chosen not to reboard for the flight to Las Palmas, because she lived on Tenerife and thought it impractical to fly to Gran Canaria only to return to Tenerife the next day. The collision took place in a high-density cloud. Tenerife was an unscheduled stop for both flights. Most of the passengers onboard the flight were senior citizens and many injured themselves as they jumped from an opening above the wing. A Dan-Air Boeing 727 carrying British tourists to the Canary Islands crashes and kills all 146 on board on April 25, 1980. "[34] Captain Grubbs applied full power to the throttles and made a sharp left turn towards the grass in an attempt to avoid the impending collision.[4]. It was really gruesome but the adrenaline was really going and I guess thats how people get through war and similar things. Why did 918 people die because of this man? The controller's response of "OK" to the co-pilot's nonstandard statement that they were "now at takeoff" was likely due to his misinterpretation that they were in takeoff position and ready to begin the roll when takeoff clearance was received, but not in the process of taking off. We also remember the other crew members who perished performing their duties on Pan Am 1736:Purser Francoise Colbert de Beaulieu and Flight Attendants Mari Asai, Christine Ekelund, Luisa Flood, Sachiko Hirano, Marilyn Luker, Aysel Sarp, Carol Thomas and Miguel Torrech. Los Rodeos, renamed Tenerife North Airport (TFN), was then used only for domestic and inter-island flights until 2002, when a new terminal was opened and Tenerife North began to carry international traffic again. [2][3], The subsequent investigation by Spanish authorities concluded that the primary cause of the accident was the KLM captain's decision to take off in the mistaken belief that a takeoff clearance from air traffic control (ATC) had been issued. On March 27, 1977, two Boeing 747 passenger jets, KLM Flight 4805 and Pan Am Flight 1736, collided on the runway at Los Rodeos Airport (now Tenerife North Airport), on the Spanish island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, killing 583 people, making it the deadliest accident in aviation history. A bomb set off by the Canary Islands Independence Movement at Gran Canaria Airport had caused many flights to be diverted to Los Rodeos, including the two aircraft involved in the accident. The Pan Am jumbo was now crawling down the runway as the flight crew desperately searched for their exit. Wow. On March 27th, 1977, a Boeing 747 of KLM Royal Dutch Airlines collided fatally with a 747 of Pan American Airlines on the runway of Los Rodeos International Airport on the Canary island of Tenerife. [6] The sum of settlements for property and damages was $110 million (or $492 million today),[54] an average of $189,000 (or $845,000 today) per victim, due to limitations imposed by European Compensation Conventions in effect at the time. Engines 3 and 4 then smashed through the upper deck behind the flight deck. At 12.30h a bomb explodes in the Las Palmas passenger terminal. The crash killed 583 people, making it the deadliest accident in aviation history. And also those on KLM flight 4805: Purser C.W. All 234 passengers and 14 crew of the KLM aircraft died and 61 of the 396 passengers . Former travel agent Jean Brown has left the retirement. Art can only provide a subtle hint. The PanAm had also survivors, before the names of the survivors appears a * Content of the page: Crewlist of the PanAm. Lost in translation and unable to see the runway, the controller simply responded: Ok. [11][36] KLM had suggested initially that Veldhuyzen van Zanten should help with the investigation, unaware that he was the captain who had been killed in the accident.[37]. The accident was investigated by Spain's Comisin de Investigacin de Accidentes e Incidentes de Aviacin Civil (CIAIAC). Get off! At 17.06, the exact time of the disaster, those attending the unveiling of the monument observed two minutes of silence. [14], Both flights had been routine until they approached the islands. [4] The KLM 747 was within 100m (330ft) of the Pan Am and moving at approximately 140 knots (260km/h; 160mph) when it left the ground. I knew what I had to do. History and Heroism in the Pan Am Cabin by Valerie Lester and also an interview with Dorothy Kelly by Sheila Collis for theIsland Connections website in 2007]. Keulen, J.M.L. You just said to yourself, Ok. Survivors waited for rescue, but it did not come promptly, as the firefighters were initially unaware that there were two aircraft involved and were concentrating on the KLM wreck hundreds of meters away in the thick fog and smoke. Survivor remembers deadliest aviation disaster in Tenerife 05:55. . [23], The angle of the third taxiway would have required the plane to perform a 148 turn, which would lead back toward the still-crowded main apron. Get off! Video, 00:00:46Hong Kong skyscraper fire seen on city's skyline, Watch: Matt Hancock message row in 83 seconds. Veldhuyzen van Zanten emphatically replied "Oh, yes" and continued with the takeoff. This is a survivor's story On March 27, 1977, two 747's collided on the ground in fog on the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands. Meurs read the flight clearance back to the controller, completing the readback with the statement: "We are now at takeoff. Nothing was like it had been moments before. Tenerife Airport Disaster was the deadliest plane crash in history that killed 583 people and prompted air traffic control to avoid phrases such as 'okay' Forty two years ago today, a. "[35], Captain Veldhuyzen van Zanten was KLM's chief of flight training and one of their most senior pilots. Divers search for survivors of the Boeing 737 MAX aircraft operated by Lion Air. Video, 00:04:17The fish that nearly caused a war. The Pan Am Podcast. Schuurmans-Timmermans, M. Mey-Lefeber, M.E. The tower instructed the American crew to, Report when runway clear to which they replied, Ok, well report when were clear. The top part of the cockpit, where the engine switches were located, had been destroyed in the collision, and all control lines were severed, leaving no means for the flight crew to control the aircraft's systems. As carefully as possible, Kelly again found the strength to drag her away. The International Tenerife Memorial March 27, 1977, was inaugurated at the Mesa Mota on March 27, 2007. The dense fog meant that the tower didnt realise that an accident had even occurred and when first responders did arrive, they came across the KLM wreckage first, failing to realise there was a second aircraft involved. "[4], The controller, who could not see the runway due to the fog, initially responded with "OK" (terminology that is nonstandard), which reinforced the KLM captain's misinterpretation that they had takeoff clearance. SURVIVED: Only 61 People Made It Out Alive (Tenerife Airport Disaster) - YouTube Get MagellanTV here: https://try.magellantv.com/brookemakenna & get an exclusive offer extended to my viewers:. The woman who had been decorated countless times for her bravery, including the American Transportation Department first-ever award, sadly fell on hard times. [4] The Pan Am crew indicated that they would prefer to circle in a holding pattern until landing clearance was given (they had enough fuel to safely stay in the air for two more hours), but they were ordered to divert to Tenerife. The entrance to runway 12 however, was blocked by the KLM Boeing. From the people who made punctuality possible", "San Jose Inside Dutch Hamann Part 2", "Canary Island Separatist Says Group Planted Bomb But Did Not Cause Crash", "Experts converge on Canaries to probe plane crash", "Desert Sun 29 March 1977 California Digital Newspaper Collection", "30 Mar 1977, Page 4 - The Naples Daily News", "The Deadliest Plane Crash - The Final Eight Minutes", "B742 / B741, Tenerife Canary Islands Spain, 1977 - SKYbrary Aviation Safety", "Final report and comments of the Netherlands Aviation Safety Board", "The Vulnerable System: An Analysis of the Tenerife Air Disaster", "CIAIAC | Publications | Relevant reports | A-102/1977 and A-103/1977 2.1 Analysis", "World's deadliest airline disaster occurred 36 years ago today", "Tenerife Disaster 27 March 1977: The Utility of the Swiss Cheese Model & other Accident Causation Frameworks", "The Evolution of Crew Resource Management Training in Commercial Aviation", "Tenerife North airport will get a new control tower, more than 30 years after world's biggest air disaster", "Around the Ranch: All about Battle Mountain", "Rancho Bernardo cross undergoes repairs", "COMUNICADO: Monumento International Tenerife Memorial donado al Cabildo; avanzan los trabajos de cimentacin en la Mesa Mota", "Monumento Conmemorativo Internacional March 2, 2007 + Foto-Video", Survivor remembers deadliest aviation disaster in Tenerife, Official Spanish and Dutch accident reports, English translation of Spanish report and Dutch response, A-102/1977 y A-103/1977 Accidente Ocurrido el 27 de Marzo de 1977 a las Aeronaves Boeing 747, Matrcula PH-BUF de K.L.M.