SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. Anti-anxiety medications help with the symptoms of anxiety and include benzodiazepines such as Clonazepam, Alprazolam, and Lorazepam. All this stage of learning signifies is that some learning is already present. d. frustrating the client. Antidepressants are used to treat depression, but also anxiety, insomnia, and pain. Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. d. sociocultural. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. a. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). c. phallic stage. 32. It regulates the bodys rate of metabolism and so how energetic people are. a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. c. psychodynamic. 48. b. ethnographic studies. c. primary process thought. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. 119. 102. d. secondary process thought. The nucleus is the control center of the neuron, and the soma is the cell body. Each paradigm focuses mainly on one aspect of human functioning. 2.3.3.3. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. b. superego. It is difficult to gain informed consent from individuals with mental illness. The critical thing to understand here is that there is a belief in the realm of mental health that chemical imbalances are responsible for many mental disorders. There were times when something bit my foot while I was swimming, but I didn't get hurt at all. This scenario demonstrates trial and error learning or making a response repeatedly if it leads to success. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. 137. 118. If I do X, then Y will happen. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). b. operant conditioning. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. They may be positive and include friendly, affectionate feelings, or negative, and include hostile and angry feelings. b. sociocultural Thats all right. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. 17. Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. 130. 15. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. Note the plural form of dendrite and the singular form of axon; there are many dendrites but only one axon. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. Observational learning is learning by watching others and modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). 2.3.2.5. b. the libido. 158. We should also note the existence of non-associative learning or when there is no linking of information or observing the actions of others around you. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. b. exposure therapy. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. This therapy is BEST described as: a. relational psychoanalytic therapy. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. a. behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 6. Also, long-term hospitalizations are less likely to occur as a result, though the medications do not benefit the individual in terms of improved living skills. Genes, Hormonal Imbalances, and Viral Infections. c. psychoanalytic theory. In order to prevent anxiety in the future, it is common practice to expose someone to stressful situations. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. There is no firsthand experience by the learner in observational learning, unlike enactive. In terms of the biological model, neurotransmitters, brain structures, hormones, genes, and viral infections were identified as potential causes of mental illness and three treatment options were given. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. Masons parents always pay special attention to him when he takes toys from his little sister. b. biological forces, culture, and learning. 2.2.1.5. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. These words have no affective connotation to them, meaning they do not imply good or bad. Figure 2.10. 159. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. 12. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. 133. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. b. cognitive-behavioral. 89. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be: Theory focused on the behaviors people exhibit and the thoughts they have is usually described as: Ashley is a pole-vaulter who is ready for her event. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Check out the figure below for how these contingencies are arranged. First, the id is the impulsive part that expresses our sexual and aggressive instincts. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. PSY 381 Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet A patients initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. 2.3.1.5. d. cognition-focused. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Their family and friends may disapprove of some of their actions but overall, respect and love them. Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). c. unconditional positive regard. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: special external pressures faced by members of a culture. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. d. transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The person in the back could also be shy and prefer sitting there so that s/he does not need to chat with others as much. 2.2.2.1. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. d. create an ideal set of genes. What is learning and what forms does it take? Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. A general term used for Freud's, Adler's, and Jung's theories is: The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. a. The biggest criticism of these models is that the concepts are abstract and fuzzy and so very difficult to research. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. a. a persons moral compass b. the prefrontal cortex c. a persons libido d. ego defense mechanisms. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. Since that time, I've never been able to swim in a lake. 2.3.2.1. 2.3.3.4. a. catharsis. What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? c. existential She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. The four main models to explain psychological abnormality are the biological, behavioural, cognitive, and psychodynamic models. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. Did it start again and your parents could not figure out why? Joanie has social anxiety. Is this correct? According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. Step 1 Neurons waiting to fire are said to be in, Step 2 If adequately stimulated, the neuron experiences an, Step 3 Once the action potential passes from one segment of the axon to the next, the previous segment begins to, Step 4 After the neuron fires, it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives. Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others and who is spontaneous, courageous, and independent is: a. authentic. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. Gender plays an important, though at times, unclear role in mental illness. 2.2.3.2. c. rationalization. Which theorist would be MOST likely to advocate use of skillful frustration as a part of therapy? Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). Over time I learned that attention was good. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. 50. If a client is being guided to challenge irrational thinking and to try out new interpretations, the client is MOST likely being treated by a follower of: a. Rogers. 56. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. This is a physical aspect of what disease? The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide.